质量保证vs Quality Control

Quality assurance and quality control are most important processes for any project, as the project’s success depends on these processes.

Every project has a quality control section to take care of these functions. The quality assurance function usually stays with the organization and the quality control section has to communicate with the organization to coordinate between these two processes.

Since these processes are connected and work in coordination, many professionals, especially those working in small and medium sized organizations, do not understand their differences.

这让我想起了一个交互在my ISO 9001 training course a few years back. I met with many professionals involved in quality management. These people were all from different backgrounds and were working in various fields.

One of the guys I met told me he was working as a QA/QC engineer in his company. I questioned him about his job responsibilities and his duties.

He replied that he walks around and sees if everything is going as planned or not, checks the items for correctness, and he takes propercorrective action如果与规格有任何偏差。

我说好的，这要照顾您工作的质量控制部分，但是质量保证呢？

他不知道自己的质量保证责任。

经常遇到担任QA或QA或QA/QC工程师的专业人员不知道自己的工作职责，即使质量保证的责任与质量控制功能之间的差异很明显。

This issue is prevalent in small or medium-sized organizations where they usually do not have the resources to hire QA and QC engineers separately.

In such cases, the person may possess the title of QA while working as QC and sometimes QC working as QA, or maybe even worse. This ambiguity is not right for the project and may affect the quality of the deliverable as well as the success of the project.

Quality assurance is the process of managing the quality of the product. Quality control is used to verify the correctness and quality of the product.Before we start discussing quality assurance and quality control in detail, we have first to understand the term “quality.”

什么是质量？

菲利普·B·克罗斯比（Philip B.

According to ISO 8402:1996 – Quality Management and Quality Assurance Vocabulary standard, “Quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.”

According to ISO 9000:2000 – Set of International Quality Standards and Guidelines for Quality Management Systems, “Quality is the degree to which a set of inherent (existing) characteristics fulfills requirements.”

Simply put, you can say that “quality” is about meeting the customer’s requirements and that the deliverable being fit for use.

如果产品满足或超过客户的要求，则据说它具有高质量。但是，如果它不符合其既定要求，则该产品的质量低。请注意，不管grade, the quality should be high; quality cannot be compromised in any case.

质量保证

The meaning of assurance is surety or trust. Assurance is an act of providing confidence that you can believe in. You can say that quality assurance guarantees the quality of the product. It ensures that the output of the process is defect free and conforms to all requirements.

Quality assurance is a process-based approach; its primary objective is to prevent defects in deliverables in the planning stage to avoid rework, which is always expensive.

这是一个积极主动的过程;它强调planning, documenting, and finalizing the guidelines that will be necessary to assure the quality. It helps to understand the product’s requirements and expectations, and this process starts at the beginning of the project.

Once all requirements and expectations are identified, a plan is developed to meet these requirements and expectations.

Tools Used in the Quality Assurance Process

The following tools are used in quality management: quality audit, process analysis, quality management, and control tools.

在高质量的审核中，一组外部专家团队来审查过程和程序。如果有任何差异，他们会建议采取纠正措施，并且可能建议改善该过程。

Quality audit is a great tool to ensure that the project follows best practices and approved procedures.

In process analysis, you analyze to find any improvements, discover the root cause of any problems and identify any non-value-added activities.

质量管理和控制工具包括各种示意技术，可帮助您找到想法，做出决策并确定问题的优先级。这些工具的一些示例包括亲和力图，树图，网络图等。

Quality Control

Quality control is a product-based approach that concerns the activities and techniques that are used to fulfill the quality requirements.

Quality control functions start right at the beginning of the project work; it is a reactive approach, which helps find defects in deliverables. The primary objective of the quality control process is to make sure that the deliverables are defect free and acceptable and based on the quality requirements.

The quality control process has the following objectives: to find any defects in the product, correct them, and validate the deliverable.

Quality assurance and quality control are dependent on each other; the quality control process receives input from the quality assurance process, and in turn, gives its feedback to the quality assurance process so that the quality assurance process can validate the operational process.

例如，如果项目团队在执行过程中发现缺陷，他们将纠正它，并将反馈发送给质量保证团队。质量保证团队在调查了此缺陷的原因后将采取纠正措施或预防措施，以防止将来这种缺陷再次发生。

Once the process is updated, the quality control people will follow the updated process so the defect does not recur.

质量保证过程从质量控制过程中获得输入，反之亦然。

质量控制过程中使用的工具

Generally, there are three techniques for the quality control process. They are inspection, statistical sampling, and the seven basic tools of quality.

In an inspection, the deliverable is physically examined for any defects and to check if it matches the requirements.

In statistical sampling, you select a random number of items from a batch and inspect them for any defects and conformance.

七个基本质量工具是散点图,control chart, histogram, checklist,帕累托图,cause-and-effect analysis, and flowchart. These tools help find defects and the causes of defects.

质量保证与质量控制之间的区别

The following are a few differences between the quality assurance and quality control processes:

• 质量保证侧重于预防缺陷，而质量控制则侧重于缺陷识别。
• Quality assurance guarantees that the plan was efficient to avoid any anticipated defects. Quality control helps you find defects in the deliverable and correct them.
• 质量保证是一个主动的过程，甚至在可交付到可交付的工作开始之前就开始了，而质量控制是一个反应性过程，并且一旦您开始从事可交付方式工作，其活动就开始了。
• Quality assurance is a process-based approach; here you develop the process to create the product, while quality control is a product-based approach where you make sure the product is as per requirements.
• Quality assurance involves processes managing quality, and quality control is used to verify the quality of the product.
• 质量审核是质量保证的一个示例，同时检查和测试是质量控制过程的示例。

尽管这些过程是不同的，但它们相互补充，一个输出是另一个输入。

质量保证和质量控制的好处

The following are a few benefits of these processes:

• They provide you with high-quality output and eliminate waste.
• They increase the efficiency of operations.
• 他们提供客户满意度，这有助于您的品牌并有助于发展业务。
• Less rework and after-sale support are required, which will help you save a lot of money.
• They encourage a high level of confidence and a motivated team.

质量保证和质量控制密切相关，并且具有相同的目标，即提供无缺陷的产品。

这两个过程都是质量管理计划不可或缺的一部分，并且未能应用任何一个都将导致低质量的产品。

Summary

质量保证和质量控制过程确保产品没有缺陷并符合要求。这两个过程都有相同的目的，但是方法是不同的。质量保证是一种基于过程的，质量控制是基于产品的。质量保证设计一个过程，以使该过程创建的产品无缺陷，而质量控制则在生产产品时检查该产品以防止有缺陷的产品进入市场。

These processes play essential roles in the success of your project. Their effectiveness can only be achieved if they are well understood by the organization and the team performing the job.

还有另一个过程，“验证范围”，它可能与质量保证和质量控制相结合。我也写了另一篇博客文章来解释这一点。请拜访：质量控制和验证范围.

您是否参与质量保证或质量控制活动？如果是，请在评论部分分享您的经验。