关闭采购与关闭项目

现在，该博客文章已经过时了，因为《 PMBOK指南》第6版中没有密切的采购过程。bob手机客户端

首先，您可能会认为密切的采购过程和密切的项目过程是彼此的同义词。我已经看到人们在几个PMPforums because they have many things in common. It can be difficult for students of project management to distinguish the two.

这篇博客文章旨在清除这些概念。阅读本文后，您不会在这些过程之间区分任何问题。

在开始详细讨论之前，请确保我们都了解关键术语：采购，阶段和项目。

Procurement

Procurement can be defined as the acquisition of goods, services, or work from an external source.

简而言之，您将项目工作的一部分分包给外部承包商。这是出于多种原因进行的。例如，如果您无法自行完成这项工作，或者是否将更具成本效益的外包。

Phase

According to thebob手机客户端, fifth edition, “Project phase is a collection of logically related project activities that culminate in the completion of one or more deliverables.”

项目s are divided into phases for many reasons. The most important reason is project size. If you want to manage a large undertaking effectively, you have to divide it into phases and complete them in order, unless circumstances require phase overlap.

项目

According to the PMBOK Guide, fifth edition, “A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.”

换句话说，您可以说项目的性质是非永久性的，并且要产生一定的输出。实现目标时，项目关闭。

Now let’s look at the close procurement and close project processes.

关闭采购过程

In reference to the PMBOK Guide, fifth edition, “Close procurement is the process of completing each procurement.”

The close procurement process is also known as the contract closure. It supports the close project or close phase processes.

Procurement is said to be closed when the contract deadline is reached and ends, or when the contract is terminated.

A project can have a single采购合同or multiple contracts.

近距离采购过程只会每次采购合同一次。但是，如果该项目有多个采购合同，则由于有很多合同，将多次执行近距离采购过程。

A project can be completed without any procurement contract, if it is not necessary for the project, there is no need for the close procurement process.

Close Project Process

根据《 PMBOK指南》第五版，“bob手机客户端关键项目或阶段是完成所有项目管理过程组中所有活动以正式完成项目或阶段的过程。”

This definition shows that the close project or close phase process is performed when the project or phase is finally completed and deliverables are accepted.

要完成关键项目或关闭阶段流程，必须完成关闭的采购过程；否则，前者将不会发生 - 否则，对于不必完成该项目即可完成近距离采购过程的近距离采购过程是不同的。

A Real-World Example

Let’s assume in this scenario you have a project to construct a school building.

您发现，为了有效地完成项目，应通过采购合同进行一些工作，例如：

• Earth Excavation
• Electrical Work
• Carpentry Work
• Painting

在开始任何建筑活动之前，您需要进行一些挖掘。因此，您必须从承包商那里获得这项工作，并与他们进行谈判。

The contractor completes the job, you pay them for the work and you close this procurement contract. Afterward, you construct the building.

Now you are at the stage where it is time to install electrical systems in the building. You also have procured this task. The contractor comes and does their part, and you release them by paying the agreed amount of money, and you close the contract.

Afterward, carpentry and painting work starts. You also have procured these jobs. Once these contractors complete their tasks, you make payment and then you close these contracts as well.

The building is ready, so you call the client to come and inspect it. Once the client is satisfied, they accept the building, sign the acceptance letter, and all pending payments are released. Once you get the payment, you update the lessons learned, and release the team and resources. Finally, you close the project.

因此，在此示例中很明显，密切的采购过程是多次执行的，但是在项目结束时，关闭项目仅执行一次。

Some Key Points

Please note the following:

• The close procurement process must happen before the close project or close phase process.
• The close procurement process may occur many times during the项目的生命周期, but the close project process will be performed only once at the end of the project.
• In the close project or close phase processes, the client accepts the deliverables.
• 接近采购过程可能会或可能不会发生，但是即使终止，每个项目也必须通过密切的项目过程。
• In close procurement, you close your deal with your contractor, and in the close project process your client closes the deal with you.

注意：每个项目都有五个过程组，这些过程组从启动和结束过程组开始。有趣的是，这两个过程组仅由两个过程组成，这使它们成为五个过程中最小的过程。这两个过程组占PMP检查的21％。

With a little studying on these small process groups, you can answer approximately 42 questions on yourPMP examination。I advise that you pay special attention to these process groups in order to score well on the exam.

Summary

近距离采购和密切的项目流程看起来与您相似。但是，它们是不同的，并且有不同的目的。近距离采购过程属于采购知识领域，密切的项目过程属于项目集成管理。关闭项目过程的输出是最终产品，服务或结果。另一方面，关闭采购过程的输出是封闭的采购。

如果您想在此博客文章上分享您的想法，则可以通过评论部分进行。