This blog post is now obsolete as the close procurement process is absent from the 6th edition of the PMBOK Guide.
首先,您可能会认为密切的采购过程和密切的项目过程是彼此的同义词。我已经看到人们在几个PMP由于论坛e they have many things in common. It can be difficult for students of project management to distinguish the two.
这篇博客文章旨在清除这些概念。阅读本文后,您不会在这些过程之间区分任何问题。
在开始详细讨论之前,请确保我们都了解关键术语:采购,阶段和项目.
Procurement
Procurement can be defined as the acquisition of goods, services, or work from an external source.
To put it simply, you subcontract a part of the project’s work to an external contractor. This is done for many reasons. For instance, if you are unable to do the job on your own or if it would be more cost-effective to outsource.
Phase
According to thebob手机客户端, fifth edition, “Project phase is a collection of logically related project activities that culminate in the completion of one or more deliverables.”
Projects are divided into phases for many reasons. The most important reason is project size. If you want to manage a large undertaking effectively, you have to divide it into phases and complete them in order, unless circumstances require phase overlap.
Project
According to the PMBOK Guide, fifth edition, “A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.”
换句话说,您可以说项目的性质是非永久性的,并且要产生一定的输出。实现目标时,项目关闭。
现在让我们看看结束采购和关闭项目processes.
关闭采购过程
In reference to the PMBOK Guide, fifth edition, “Close procurement is the process of completing each procurement.”
The close procurement process is also known as the contract closure. It supports the close project or close phase processes.
Procurement is said to be closed when the contract deadline is reached and ends, or when the contract is terminated.
A project can have a singleprocurement contractor multiple contracts.
The close procurement process will happen only once per procurement contract. However, if the project has multiple procurement contracts, the close procurement process will be performed multiple times because there are many contracts.
A project can be completed without any procurement contract, if it is not necessary for the project, there is no need for the close procurement process.
Close Project Process
According to the PMBOK Guide, fifth edition, “Close project or phase is the process of finalizing all activities across all of the project management process groups to formally complete the project or phase.”
This definition shows that the close project or close phase process is performed when the project or phase is finally completed and deliverables are accepted.
To complete the close project or close phase process, the close procurement process must have been completed; otherwise, the former cannot happen—however, it’s different for the close procurement process where the project does not have to be finished to complete the close procurement process.
A Real-World Example
Let’s assume in this scenario you have a project to construct a school building.
You find out that in order to complete the project efficiently, some work should be performed through a procurement contract, work such as:
- Earth Excavation
- Electrical Work
- Carpentry Work
- Painting
在开始任何建筑活动之前,您需要进行一些挖掘。因此,您必须从承包商那里获得这项工作,并与他们进行谈判。
The contractor completes the job, you pay them for the work and you close this procurement contract. Afterward, you construct the building.
Now you are at the stage where it is time to install electrical systems in the building. You also have procured this task. The contractor comes and does their part, and you release them by paying the agreed amount of money, and you close the contract.
Afterward, carpentry and painting work starts. You also have procured these jobs. Once these contractors complete their tasks, you make payment and then you close these contracts as well.
The building is ready, so you call the client to come and inspect it. Once the client is satisfied, they accept the building, sign the acceptance letter, and all pending payments are released. Once you get the payment, you update the lessons learned, and release the team and resources. Finally, you close the project.
So, it’s evident in this example that the close procurement process is performed many times, but the close project is performed only once—at the end of the project.
Some Key Points
Please note the following:
- The close procurement process must happen before the close project or close phase process.
- The close procurement process may occur many times during the项目的生命周期, but the close project process will be performed only once at the end of the project.
- In the close project or close phase processes, the client accepts the deliverables.
- The close procurement process may or may not occur, but every project must pass through the close project process even if it is terminated.
- In close procurement, you close your deal with your contractor, and in the close project process your client closes the deal with you.
Note: Every project has five process groups that start with Initiating and end at Closing Process Group. Interestingly, these two process groups are comprised of only two processes, and that makes them the smallest of the five processes. These two process groups make up 21% of the PMP examination.
With a little studying on these small process groups, you can answer approximately 42 questions on yourPMP examination. I advise that you pay special attention to these process groups in order to score well on the exam.
Summary
近距离采购和密切的项目流程看起来与您相似。但是,它们是不同的,并且有不同的目的。近距离采购过程属于采购知识领域,密切的项目过程属于项目集成管理。关闭项目过程的输出是最终产品,服务或结果。另一方面,关闭采购过程的输出是封闭的采购。
If you would like to share your thoughts on this blog post you can do so through the comments section.
Well said Francis.
I would like get some clarification on the following:
1)我们是否根据控制采购(索赔管理)或密切采购(采购谈判)进行谈判或处理付款/索赔纠纷?
2) In Project we have validate scope for acceptance of deliverables. What about in Procurement, do we validate seller work/deliverables under CONTROL Procurement or CLOSE Procurement?
谢谢.
1) As per the PMBOK Guide, fifth edition, “The Close Procurements process also involves administrative activities such as finalizing open claims”.
2) This is inspection and audit. As per the PMBOK Guide fifth edition, “Inspections and audits required by the buyer and supported by the seller, as specified in the procurement contract, can be conducted during execution of the project to verify compliance in the seller’s work processes or deliverables.” You do it in control procurements process.
嗨法赫德,请你帮助理解,Which of the following is the correct order of actions to take during the Closing processes?
Get formal acceptance, write lessons learned, release the team, close the contract
OR
Get formal acceptance, close the contract, write lessons learned, release the team
The second one is right.
嗨,法哈德,
I really appreciate this article, where it is exact to the point and solidified my comprehension on the flow in the Closing process group.
I am glad that I found this article. Thank you.
Raj.
You are welcome Raj.
您好Fahad,谢谢您发布此信息和讨论。哪个过程组包括采购关闭?据说它是验证范围的一部分,它是过程组监视和控制的一部分。但约瑟夫(Joseph)也提到的是……。请澄清哪个过程组包括采购关闭?
Please refer to the page 61, PMBOK Guide fifth edition. It is in closing process group.
Please refer to the PMBOK Guide Page 389 (Fifth Edition).
can you explain the administrative activities involves during close procurement process? i dont really understand.
Hi
对于项目管理过程“关闭项目或阶段和关闭采购”,每个过程的关键输入和输出是什么?
Please assist
Hello Muchie,
You can find details on these ITTO in the PMBOK Guide, due to copyright issues I can not provide you here.
Great article. I loved the details – Does anyone know if my assistant can obtain a sample WV DoR IT-141 copy to use ?
您好Maica Neces,我的工作同事在此网站上看到了一个示例http://goo.gl/pPXIFG
谢谢Mariella for helping Maica.
嗨,法哈德,
It will be great if can comment over the below question:
我在哪里获得最终的认可,以完成完整的可交付/项目。
is it Output of Validate scope or Close project or phase
In validate scope process the deliverable is accepted.
Sorry Joseph, I did not understand you completely. Can you please explain it again?
关闭采购是执行过程组中采购管理过程下的一步。类似的过程不是针对采购的,而是针对合同(如果有这样的合同,即与外部客户)
Can you please compare closure and close up process?
这两者有什么区别?
Hi Fahad:
I am glad I found your blog. I didn’t really realize that project and procurement closure were not the same. I now understand that there will be one project and that a project can have multiple procurement closures.
Thank you.
You are welcome Angel.
嗨,法哈德,
I have just started reading PMBOK and this is the second article of yours that I have read. Can I appreciate your efforts in explaining topics in such a simple language.
戴上帽子,继续!
Yes you can appreciate me, like and share my articles.
In fact this what keep me going forward.
:)
谢谢for stopping by.
根据我的理解,从验证范围接受的可交付成果进入关闭项目,最后我们有了密切的项目或服务,为什么不关闭POCUREMENT(包括多个合同Cloaure)作为关闭项目阶段以触发项目关闭的输入呢?
Ok.
关闭采购可以在任何阶段和任何阶段发生。因此,关闭项目并不是触发因素。阶段或项目仍然可以继续。但是,在关闭项目之前,不应有任何开放活动/任务。因此,必须在关闭项目之前关闭采购,但是关闭采购并不需要触发阶段/项目关闭。我认为所接受的可交付成果可以具有可交付成果,这些可交付成果是采购输出的一部分。因此,未提到关闭项目或相位过程的单独输入。
Dear Mr. Fahad
If i still have some invoices not paid to the seller , is this mean the project still not closed ???
谢谢
You have to close all procurement contracts before closing the project.
Can you explain the order of events that happen in close projects.
I see many questions in mock tests regarding the same. Some say closing the contract happens after releasing the team. Some say measure Customer satisfaction is the last step in closing. Some say it is the formal sign off.
What is the order of the below actions :
1. Sign off and final acceptance
2.final Payments and complete cost records
3. Update lessons learned
4.update project records.
5.Ensure all project management processes are complete.
6.Index and Archive project records.
7.分析项目的成功
8.Evaluate customer satisfaction
9.Hand off completed deliverables to operations, maintenance etc
10.释放团队。
There is a process flow chart in Rita’s book. Understand this chart, it will help you clear many doubts.
嗨,法哈德,
Rita’s process chart does not talk about Release team activity in phase/project closure. I think few of the team members (project management team) are still needed who can work on collecting final lessons learned or doing trend analysis etc. So it can be a last activity in project closure. However after releasing the team certain projects documentation needs to be updated and then archived hence Index and Archive project records can be considered as last activity. and this is in line with the last activity ‘Gather final lessons learned and update knowledge base’ mentioned in Rita’s process chart.
但是,在一个模拟测试中,此答案标记不正确,他们提到的正确答案是征求客户反馈。我不确定这是正确的答案。
请分享您的观点。
I don’t have Rita’s book so can not comment on it though I recommend you understand the chart given on page 61 in the PMBOK Guide fifth edition.
非常有用的博客以及对查询的回答。谢谢
You are welcome Deepa.
Hello Fahad,
Could you please clarify what happens if a claim on the procurement cannot be settled by the parties and is finally the subject of a court procedure (which can be very long… up to several years).
Let’s take an easy example: there is a claim between the seller and the buyer about the price to be paid but the work has been performed and delivered by the seller.
Does it means that the buyer cannot close the procurement and therefore the project because of the claim? Or can he close it because the work has been delivered by the seller?
Do the project and the procurement remain “open” during several years if there is appeal procedure etc. ?
非常感谢您的澄清
如果该决议无法通过仲裁解决,并且可以向法院提出法院,则您无法与承包商关闭采购。
Although you can close the project with your client since the project is completed, case will remain open with you and your supplier.
Also note that, since the court is involved in the dispute, it may stop whole proceeding or let you clear your deal with the client. It depends on case to case basis.
PMBOK page 387 says “Unresolved claims may be subject to litigation after closure. The contract terms and conditions can prescribe specific procedures for agreement closure”. This means the contract can be closed and the court procedure can continue.
Please correct if this understanding is wrong.
根据我的理解:是的。
Ref:
关键点:在近距离项目中接受可交付成果。
我遇到了一个问题,说明了它的陈述。
VERIFY SCOPE process accepts the deliverables. Not CLOSE PROJECT.
Please clarify correctness of above KEY POINT.
Please refer PMBOK fifth edition, page: 136, point:5.5.3.1
我的问题是要获得正式接受可交付成果
This is required in project or phase closing But is required in Procurement closing ? and when and how are acceptance of deliverables done in Procurement closing.
Thank You
If you have any procurement contract in the project and this contract is completed, you’ll closed this contract and accept the deliverable but you project will continue to proceed.
Dear Mr. Fahad,
The main performing organization (main contractor) , wants to close their contract with the client, in which processes it will happen? whether in Close procurement or Close project
Kindly explain this…..
regards,
Jayanth
If the main contractor has the whole project and wants to close contract, he must go through the close project process.
但是,如果主要承包商正在占据项目的一部分,那么他也必须经过密切的项目流程,但是客户将经过密切的采购,因为该项目仍在开始。
In any case, the contractor has to go through the close project, because for him everything is closed.
I think since it says main contractor means there are other contractors who are still engaged. This would imply that it is a case of close procurement and not close project because other contractors may still be working on the project.
谢谢for clarifying Adiministrative Closure..I’ve seen the term in several practice exams and was concerned that I missed something.
Hi
Could you please explain about Adminstrative Closure.
谢谢
Suresh
Administrative Closure and Close Project or Close Phase are the same.
(PMBObob手机客户端K指南第100页,第一段,第4.6条)。