现在,该博客文章已经过时了,因为《 PMBOK指南》第6版中没有密切的采购过程。bob手机客户端
首先,你可能会认为,关闭采购process and close project process are synonyms of each other. I have seen people asking for clarification on them in severalPMPforums because they have many things in common. It can be difficult for students of project management to distinguish the two.
This blog post is meant to clear up these concepts. After reading this, you won’t have any problem differentiating between these processes.
Before we start discussing in detail, let’s make sure we all understand the key terms: procurement, phase, andproject。
Procurement
Procurement can be defined as the acquisition of goods, services, or work from an external source.
简而言之,您将项目工作的一部分分包给外部承包商。这是出于多种原因进行的。例如,如果您无法自行完成这项工作,或者是否将更具成本效益的外包。
Phase
According to thebob手机客户端, fifth edition, “Project phase is a collection of logically related project activities that culminate in the completion of one or more deliverables.”
项目s are divided into phases for many reasons. The most important reason is project size. If you want to manage a large undertaking effectively, you have to divide it into phases and complete them in order, unless circumstances require phase overlap.
项目
According to the PMBOK Guide, fifth edition, “A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.”
换句话说,您可以说项目的性质是非永久性的,并且要产生一定的输出。实现目标时,项目关闭。
Now let’s look at the close procurement and close project processes.
亲密采购Process
In reference to the PMBOK Guide, fifth edition, “Close procurement is the process of completing each procurement.”
The close procurement process is also known as the contract closure. It supports the close project or close phase processes.
Procurement is said to be closed when the contract deadline is reached and ends, or when the contract is terminated.
A project can have a single采购合同or multiple contracts.
近距离采购过程只会每次采购合同一次。但是,如果该项目有多个采购合同,则由于有很多合同,将多次执行近距离采购过程。
A project can be completed without any procurement contract, if it is not necessary for the project, there is no need for the close procurement process.
Close Project Process
根据《 PMBOK指南》第五版,“bob手机客户端关键项目或阶段是完成所有项目管理过程组中所有活动以正式完成项目或阶段的过程。”
This definition shows that the close project or close phase process is performed when the project or phase is finally completed and deliverables are accepted.
要完成关键项目或关闭阶段流程,必须完成关闭的采购过程;否则,前者将不会发生 - 否则,对于不必完成该项目即可完成近距离采购过程的近距离采购过程是不同的。
A Real-World Example
Let’s assume in this scenario you have a project to construct a school building.
您发现,为了有效地完成项目,应通过采购合同进行一些工作,例如:
- Earth Excavation
- Electrical Work
- Carpentry Work
- Painting
You need to do some excavation before starting any construction activities. Therefore, you have to procure this job from a contractor and negotiate with them.
The contractor completes the job, you pay them for the work and you close this procurement contract. Afterward, you construct the building.
Now you are at the stage where it is time to install electrical systems in the building. You also have procured this task. The contractor comes and does their part, and you release them by paying the agreed amount of money, and you close the contract.
Afterward, carpentry and painting work starts. You also have procured these jobs. Once these contractors complete their tasks, you make payment and then you close these contracts as well.
The building is ready, so you call the client to come and inspect it. Once the client is satisfied, they accept the building, sign the acceptance letter, and all pending payments are released. Once you get the payment, you update the lessons learned, and release the team and resources. Finally, you close the project.
因此,在此示例中很明显,密切的采购过程是多次执行的,但是在项目结束时,关闭项目仅执行一次。
Some Key Points
Please note the following:
- The close procurement process must happen before the close project or close phase process.
- The close procurement process may occur many times during theproject’s life cycle, but the close project process will be performed only once at the end of the project.
- In the close project or close phase processes, the client accepts the deliverables.
- 接近采购过程可能会或可能不会发生,但是即使终止,每个项目也必须通过密切的项目过程。
- In close procurement, you close your deal with your contractor, and in the close project process your client closes the deal with you.
注意:每个项目都有五个过程组,这些过程组从启动和结束过程组开始。有趣的是,这两个过程组仅由两个过程组成,这使它们成为五个过程中最小的过程。这两个过程组占PMP检查的21%。
With a little studying on these small process groups, you can answer approximately 42 questions on yourPMP examination。I advise that you pay special attention to these process groups in order to score well on the exam.
Summary
The close procurement and close project processes may look similar to you. However, they are different and serve different purposes. The close procurement process belongs to the procurement knowledge area, and the close project process belongs to project integration management. The output of the close project process is the final product, service, or result. On the other hand, the output of the close procurement process is closed procurement.
如果您想在此博客文章上分享您的想法,则可以通过评论部分进行。
我想对以下内容进行一些澄清:
1) Do we negotiate or process payment/claim dispute under CONTROL Procurement (Claim administration) or CLOSE Procurement (Procurement Negotiation)?
2) In Project we have validate scope for acceptance of deliverables. What about in Procurement, do we validate seller work/deliverables under CONTROL Procurement or CLOSE Procurement?
Thanks.
1) As per the PMBOK Guide, fifth edition, “The Close Procurements process also involves administrative activities such as finalizing open claims”.
2)这是检查和审核。根据PMBOK指南第五bob手机客户端版,“买方要求的检查和审计,并由卖方支持,如采购合同所示,可以在执行项目期间进行,以验证在卖方的工作流程或可交付成果中的合规性。”您在控制采购过程中进行此操作。
Hello Fahad, Thank you for posting this information and discussion. Which Process Group includes Procurement Closure? It was stated that it is part of Validate Scope which is part of Process Group Monitoring and Controlling. But also noted above by Joseph is ….Close Procurement is a step under the Procurement Management process within the Execution Process Group. Please clarify which Process Group includes Procurement Closure?
请参阅第61页,PMBOK指南第五版。bob手机客户端它正在关闭过程组中。
关闭the procurement can happen at any stage and in any phase. Hence it is not a trigger to close the project. Phase or project can still continue. However before closing the project there should not be any open activity/task. Hence it is mandatory to close the procurements before closing the project however closing procurement does not require to trigger the phase/project closure. I think accepted deliverables can have the deliverables which are part of the procurement outputs. Hence not mentioned as separate input to close project or phase process.
Dear Mr. Fahad
如果我仍然有一些未支付给卖方的发票,这是否意味着该项目仍未关闭???
Thanks
You have to close all procurement contracts before closing the project.
Can you explain the order of events that happen in close projects.
I see many questions in mock tests regarding the same. Some say closing the contract happens after releasing the team. Some say measure Customer satisfaction is the last step in closing. Some say it is the formal sign off.
What is the order of the below actions :
1. Sign off and final acceptance
2.final Payments and complete cost records
3. Update lessons learned
4.update project records.
5.Ensure all project management processes are complete.
6.Index and Archive project records.
7.Analyze the success of the project
8.评估客户满意度
9.Hand off completed deliverables to operations, maintenance etc
10. Release the team.
丽塔书中有一个流程图。了解此图表,它将帮助您清除许多疑问。
嗨,法哈德,
Rita’s process chart does not talk about Release team activity in phase/project closure. I think few of the team members (project management team) are still needed who can work on collecting final lessons learned or doing trend analysis etc. So it can be a last activity in project closure. However after releasing the team certain projects documentation needs to be updated and then archived hence Index and Archive project records can be considered as last activity. and this is in line with the last activity ‘Gather final lessons learned and update knowledge base’ mentioned in Rita’s process chart.
However in one of the simulation test this answer was marked incorrect and the correct answer they mentioned was Solicit customer feedback. I am not sure if this is correct answer.
Please share your views.
我没有丽塔的书,所以不能对此发表评论,尽管我建议您了解PMBOK指南第五版第61页上给出的图表。bob手机客户端
Hello Fahad,
Could you please clarify what happens if a claim on the procurement cannot be settled by the parties and is finally the subject of a court procedure (which can be very long… up to several years).
以简单的例子:卖方与买方之间关于要支付的价格有索赔,但是卖方已经执行和交付了工作。
Does it means that the buyer cannot close the procurement and therefore the project because of the claim? Or can he close it because the work has been delivered by the seller?
Do the project and the procurement remain “open” during several years if there is appeal procedure etc. ?
Many thanks for your clarifications
If the resolution cannot be solved through the arbitration, and it goes to court, you can not close procurement with the contractor.
Although you can close the project with your client since the project is completed, case will remain open with you and your supplier.
Also note that, since the court is involved in the dispute, it may stop whole proceeding or let you clear your deal with the client. It depends on case to case basis.
PMBOK第387页说:“未解决的索赔可能会在关闭后接受诉讼。合同条款和条件可以规定协议封闭的特定程序”。这意味着合同可以关闭,法院程序可以继续。
Please correct if this understanding is wrong.
As per my understanding: Yes.
参考:
KEY POINTS: Deliverables are accepted in Close Project.
I came across a question explanation where it was stated;
VERIFY SCOPE process accepts the deliverables. Not CLOSE PROJECT.
请阐明上述要点的正确性。
Please refer PMBOK fifth edition, page: 136, point:5.5.3.1
My question is about obtaning formal acceptance of deliverables
这在项目或阶段结束中需要,但在采购结束时需要吗?以及如何以及如何接受采购关闭中的可交付成果。
谢谢你!
If you have any procurement contract in the project and this contract is completed, you’ll closed this contract and accept the deliverable but you project will continue to proceed.
Dear Mr. Fahad,
The main performing organization (main contractor) , wants to close their contract with the client, in which processes it will happen? whether in Close procurement or Close project
Kindly explain this…..
regards,
Jayanth
If the main contractor has the whole project and wants to close contract, he must go through the close project process.
However, if the main contractor is having a part of the project then also he must go through the close project process but the client will go through the close procurement because the project is still on.
In any case, the contractor has to go through the close project, because for him everything is closed.
I think since it says main contractor means there are other contractors who are still engaged. This would imply that it is a case of close procurement and not close project because other contractors may still be working on the project.
Thanks for clarifying Adiministrative Closure..I’ve seen the term in several practice exams and was concerned that I missed something.
Hi
Could you please explain about Adminstrative Closure.
Thanks
Suresh
行政关闭和关闭项目或关闭阶段是相同的。
(The PMBOK Guide Page-100, first paragraph, Article 4.6).