项目管理的利益相关者

您的项目的成功取决于您项目利益相关者的满意度。有时，您已经完成了该项目；客户已经接受了所有可交付成果。但是，该项目并不成功，因为您的一些利益相关者不满意。

Stakeholder satisfaction is a sign of successful project completion.

Now, you might be wondering who the project stakeholders are and whom you have to satisfy for the successful completion of your project.

我正在写这篇博客文章来回答这些疑问，我希望清除您对项目利益相关者的任何疑问

Stakeholders

根据bob手机客户端，“利益相关者是一个个人，团体或组织，可能受到项目，活动或结果的影响，受到影响或感知自己的影响。”

Put more simply, a stakeholder is a person, a group of people, or an organization that has an interest in your project or is affected by its outcome, directly or indirectly. It may include project team members, project sponsors, organization members, and people outside of your organization.

如果项目很小，您将有一些利益相关者。对于一个较大的项目，您可能会有大量的利益相关者，其中可能包括社区或公众。在这种情况下，管理利益相关者will be challenging.

For example, if you are going to construct a dam, the number of stakeholders will be large. They will include governments, local authorities, the population that is going to be displaced, the population living near the dam, environmentalists, the project management team, higher management, etc.

并非所有利益相关者都是平等的。每个人都有不同的要求和期望。您应该根据他们的要求和期望对待它们。不这样做会危害您的项目的成功。

If you understand stakeholders’ needs, expectations, and requirements, your chances of success increase. Overlooking any important stakeholder can make the situation more difficult for you at later stages of the project. It may cause a delay in the project, cost overrun, and in the most severe cases, abrupt project termination.

项目利益相关者的类型

项目利益相关者可以分为两类：

1. 内部利益相关者
2. External Stakeholders

内部利益相关者

内部利益相关者在组织内部。例如：

• A sponsor
• 内部客户或客户（如果项目是为了组织的内部需求）
• 项目团队
• A program manager
• 投资组合经理
• 管理
• Another group’s manager (e.g., functional manager, operational manager, admin manager, etc.).

这些利益相关者通常对该项目的成功具有最高的兴趣。

External Stakeholders

External stakeholders are outside the organization. For example:

• An external customer or client (if the project is a result of a contract)
• 项目结果的最终用户
• 供应商
• Subcontractors
• 政府
• 地方当局
• 当地社区
• 媒体

As you can see, external stakeholders include clients, governments, and local authorities, and these are very powerful entities. Therefore, you have to manage them carefully.

积极的利益相关者和负面利益相关者

利益相关者可以是正面的或负面的。

A positive stakeholder sees the project’s positive side and benefits from its success. These stakeholders help the project management team to complete the project successfully.

另一方面，负利益相关者认为结果，可能会受到项目或其结果的负面影响。这种类型的利益相关者不太可能为项目的成功做出贡献。

Many professionals think that competitors are also negative stakeholders as your project affects them as well. Please note that competitors are not negative stakeholders because you have to manage your stakeholders proactively to complete your project successfully, but you do not manage or fulfill your competitors’ requirements.

The public can be a stakeholder, as we have seen in the earlier example. In this case, it would be impractical to manage the whole population, so you will consult their public figures or leaders to understand their requirements and expectations.

Some examples of this type of project are related to mining, the environment, roads, railways, dam building, etc.

您应该在项目的早期阶段确定利益相关者，并将其记录在利益相关者登记册.

一些利益相关者将对您的项目产生较低的兴趣或影响。但是，您也必须管理它们，因为它们可能会成为影响力的利益相关者。

概括

利益相关者是个人或一群受您项目影响或对其感兴趣的个人。重要的是要在项目开始时确定利益相关者，并制定一种管理他们及其要求的策略。这将帮助您以最小的障碍来完成该项目，因为让他们参与您的项目将提供您需要的支持

那您项目的利益相关者呢？你是怎么找到他们的？请在评论部分中分享您的想法。

This topic is important from a PMP certification exam point of view; you are going to come across many questions on this topic.