项目选择方法

今天，我们将讨论项目选择方法。

No organization has unlimited resources to go after every opportunity. In most cases, they have to select the best option.

所有组织都采用项目选择技术。

假设您的组织有几个建议，但他们不能接受所有建议。因此，他们将选择可以提供最大利润的最小风险选择。通常，品牌认可也是一个因素。

作为项目经理，您可能在选择过程中没有任何角色。但是您应该知道为什么选择该项目以及如何适应组织的战略目标。

Project Selection Methods

You can divide these techniques into two categories:

  1. Benefit Measurement Methods
  2. 约束优化方法

Project selection techniques vary in complexity, but the goal is the same: to let organizations select a project with maximum profit and recognition.

Every organization has a defined process that helps them choose projects aligned with their strategic objectives.

Benefit Measurement Methods

福利测量方法是基于估计现金流入和流出的现值的最流行的项目选择方法。在这里，您可以计算所有项目的成本和收益并进行比较。

The following are a few benefits measurement methods:

  • Benefit/Cost Ratio
  • Economic Value Added
  • Scoring Model
  • Payback Period
  • Net Present Value
  • Discounted Cash Flow
  • Internal Rate of Return
  • Opportunity Cost

Before we discuss these techniques, you need to understand the discounted cash flow.

Discounted Cash Flow

The value of money received today is greater than the money received in the future.

例如，十年后10,000美元的价值将远低于目前的价值10,000美元。

This phenomenon is known as discounted cash flow.

Therefore, consider discounted cash flow while calculating the return on investment.

Now, let’s get back to the benefits measurement methods.

Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)

Many experts call this technique the成本效益比.

It is the ratio between the present value of inflow (cost invested in the project) and the present value of outflow (value of return from the project). You will select the project with a higher BCR.

Economic Value Added (EVA)

EVA is a performance metric that calculates the value creation for the organization and defines the Return on Capital (ROC). It is the net profit after deducting all taxes and capital expenditure.

If you have several projects, you will select the one with the higher EVA. Please note that the economic value added is expressed in dollars, not as a percentage.

This technique is also known as the economic model.

Scoring Model

在这里,project selection committee will list a few relevant criteria and weigh them according to importance. Then they will assign marks for these parameters. Finally, the committee will add the marks and get a final score.

The project with the highest score is selected.

Payback Period

This is the time required to recover the cost invested in the project.

If other parameters are equal, you will select the project with a minimal payback period.

净现值（NPV）

This is the difference between the current value of cash inflow and the current value of the cash outflow of the project.

NPV should always be positive, and the project with the highest value is the better option.

内部收益率（IRR）

This is the interest rate at which the net present value becomes zero. In other words, it is the rate at which the present value of the outflow is equal to the present value of inflow.

You should select the project with the highest IRR.

Opportunity Cost

这是您选择另一个项目而失去的。如果您有几个选择，您将选择较低的机会成本的项目。

这些是项目选择中使用的一些好处测量技术。

现在，我们进入了约束的优化方法。

Constraints Optimization Methods

这也称为选择的数学模型，用于需要复杂计算的大型项目。

以下是一些约束优化技术：

  • Linear Programming
  • Nonlinear Programming
  • 整数编程
  • Dynamic Programming

这些主题的详细讨论不在PMP认证考试的范围之内；知道这些技术的名称就足够了。

Roles in Project Selection

Upper management, the steering committee, the Project Management Office (PMO), the project selection committee, or any other equivalent group of stakeholders use these methods and select the project.

他们将使用不同的标准,如:

  • 他们是否具有完成技术专业知识。
  • If they have the resources required.
  • If the project will help them achieve their objectives.

Summary

Project selection methods are vital for organizations. The right project helps an organization grow its business and earn recognition.

但是，一个糟糕的选择可能会阻碍进度并损害信誉。项目选择技术可帮助您以更好的投资回报率选择合适的项目。福利衡量方法足以使大多数组织能够做出决定。您将对大型和复杂项目使用约束优化方法。

您的组织使用哪种项目选择方法？请通过评论部分与我们分享。

This is an important topic for the PMP exam; you may see a few questions on it.