Stakeholders in Project Management

您的项目的成功取决于您项目利益相关者的满意度。有时，您已经完成了项目；客户已经接受了所有可交付成果。但是，该项目并不成功，因为您的一些利益相关者不满意。

Stakeholder satisfaction is a sign of successful project completion.

Now, you might be wondering who the project stakeholders are and whom you have to satisfy for the successful completion of your project.

我正在写这篇博客文章来回答这些疑问，我希望清除您对项目利益相关者的任何疑问

Stakeholders

According to thebob手机客户端，“利益相关者是一个个人，团体或组织，可能受到或认为自己受项目的决定，活动或结果影响自己的个人，影响自己。”

更简单,利益相关者是一个人,一个组织p of people, or an organization that has an interest in your project or is affected by its outcome, directly or indirectly. It may include project team members, project sponsors, organization members, and people outside of your organization.

如果该项目很小，您将有一些利益相关者。对于一个较大的项目，您可能会有大量的利益相关者，其中可能包括社区或公众。在这种情况下，managing stakeholderswill be challenging.

For example, if you are going to construct a dam, the number of stakeholders will be large. They will include governments, local authorities, the population that is going to be displaced, the population living near the dam, environmentalists, the project management team, higher management, etc.

Not all stakeholders are equal. Everyone has different requirements and expectations. You should treat them according to their requirements and expectations. Failing to do so can jeopardize your project’s success.

If you understand stakeholders’ needs, expectations, and requirements, your chances of success increase. Overlooking any important stakeholder can make the situation more difficult for you at later stages of the project. It may cause a delay in the project, cost overrun, and in the most severe cases, abrupt project termination.

Types of Project Stakeholders

项目利益相关者可以分为两类：

1. Internal Stakeholders
2. External Stakeholders

Internal Stakeholders

内部利益相关者在组织内部。例如：

• A sponsor
• 内部客户或客户（如果项目是为了组织的内部需求）
• A project team
• A program manager
• 投资组合经理
• Management
• Another group’s manager (e.g., functional manager, operational manager, admin manager, etc.).

这些利益相关者通常对该项目的成功具有最高的兴趣。

External Stakeholders

External stakeholders are outside the organization. For example:

• An external customer or client (if the project is a result of a contract)
• An end user of the project’s outcome
• A supplier
• Subcontractors
• 政府
• Local authorities
• Local communities
• The media

As you can see, external stakeholders include clients, governments, and local authorities, and these are very powerful entities. Therefore, you have to manage them carefully.

积极的利益相关者和负利益相关者

利益相关者可以是正面的或负面的。

A positive stakeholder sees the project’s positive side and benefits from its success. These stakeholders help the project management team to complete the project successfully.

On the other hand, a negative stakeholder sees the outcome and may be negatively impacted by the project or its outcome. This type of stakeholder is less likely to contribute to the success of the project.

Many professionals think that competitors are also negative stakeholders as your project affects them as well. Please note that competitors are not negative stakeholders because you have to manage your stakeholders proactively to complete your project successfully, but you do not manage or fulfill your competitors’ requirements.

The public can be a stakeholder, as we have seen in the earlier example. In this case, it would be impractical to manage the whole population, so you will consult their public figures or leaders to understand their requirements and expectations.

Some examples of this type of project are related to mining, the environment, roads, railways, dam building, etc.

You should identify your stakeholders at a very early stage of the project, and record them in thestakeholder register.

Some stakeholders will have low interest or influence on your project. However, you have to manage them as well, because they could become influential stakeholders.

Summary

Stakeholders are individuals or a group of individuals who are affected by your project or have an interest in it. It is important to identify stakeholders at the beginning of the project and develop a strategy to manage them and their requirements. This will help you complete the project with minimal obstruction because getting them involved with your project will render the support you need it

那您项目的利益相关者呢？您是怎么找到它们的？请在评论部分中分享您的想法。

This topic is important from a PMP certification exam point of view; you are going to come across many questions on this topic.