stakeholders in project management

Your project’s success depends on the satisfaction of your项目利益相关者。有时，您已经完成了项目，客户已经接受了所有deliverables。However, the project was not successful because some of your stakeholders are not happy.

利益相关者满意度是成功完成项目的标志。

You might be wondering about the stakeholders in project management and whom you have to satisfy for the successful completion of your project.

我正在写这篇博客文章来回答这些查询，并希望清除您对项目利益相关者的任何疑问。

Stakeholders in Project Management

定义：According to thebob手机客户端, “A stakeholder is an individual, group, or organization who may affect, be affected by or perceive itself to be affected by a decision, activity, or outcome of a project.”

更简单,利益相关者是一个人,一个组织p of people, or an organization that is interested in your project or is affected by its outcome, directly or indirectly. It may include project team members,project sponsors, and people outside your organization.

If the project is small, you will have a few stakeholders. For a larger project, you may have a huge number of stakeholders, which could include communities or the public. In this case,管理stakeholders将具有挑战性。

例如，大坝建设项目的利益相关者人数将很大。它们将包括政府，地方当局，将要流离失所的人口，居住在大坝附近的人口，环保主义者，项目管理团队，高级管理人员等。

Not all stakeholders are equal. Everyone has different requirements and expectations. You should treat them according to their requirements and expectations. Failing to do so can jeopardize your project’s success.

如果您了解利益相关者的需求，期望和要求，那么成功的机会就会增加。忽略任何重要的利益相关者都可以使您在项目的后期更加困难。这可能会导致项目延迟，成本超支，并且在最严重的情况下突然终止了项目。

项目利益相关者的类型

Project stakeholders can be grouped into two categories:

  1. Internal Stakeholders
  2. 外部利益相关者

Internal Stakeholders

内部利益相关者在组织内部。他们直接参与项目或与管理项目的组织合作。

内部利益相关者的示例

  • 赞助商
  • An internal customer or client (if the project is for an internal need of an organization)
  • 项目团队
  • 计划经理
  • A portfolio manager
  • Management
  • 另一个小组的经理（例如，功能管理器，运营经理，管理员管理器等）。

These stakeholders generally have the highest interest in the project’s success.

外部利益相关者

外部利益相关者不在组织之外。他们不直接参与该项目，而是由项目或管理该项目的组织包括在内。

Example of External Stakeholders

  • 外部客户或客户（如果项目是合同的结果）
  • 项目结果的最终用户
  • 供应商
  • 分包商
  • The government
  • Local authorities
  • 当地社区
  • 媒体

As you can see, external stakeholders include clients, governments, and local authorities, which are very powerful entities. Therefore, you have to manage them carefully.

Positive Stakeholders and Negative Stakeholders

Stakeholders can be positive or negative.

积极的利益相关者认为该项目的积极方面并从其成功中受益。这些利益相关者帮助项目管理团队成功完成项目。

On the other hand, a negative stakeholder sees the outcome and may be negatively impacted by the project or its outcome. This type of stakeholder is less likely to contribute to the success of the project.

许多专业人士认为，竞争对手也是负面利益相关者，因为您的项目也影响了他们。

但是，竞争对手不是负利益相关者，因为您必须积极管理利益相关者才能成功完成项目，但您不管理或满足竞争对手的要求。

As we have seen in the earlier example, the public can be a stakeholder. In this case, it would be impractical to manage the whole population, so you will consult their public figures or leaders to understand their requirements and expectations.

此类项目的一些例子与采矿，环境，道路，铁路，大坝建筑等有关。

您应该在项目的早期阶段确定利益相关者，并将其记录在利益相关者登记册。

一些利益相关者将对您的项目产生较低的兴趣或影响。但是，您还必须管理它们，因为它们可能会成为影响力的利益相关者。

确定项目的利益相关者

Identifying project stakeholders is the first task after signing the project charter. This process ensures that all project stakeholders are identified so you can collect the requirements, develop a project management plan, and design a strategy to manage these stakeholders.

Visit the following post to learn about identifying project stakeholders.

How to Manage Project Stakeholders

要管理您的项目利益相关者，请按照以下步骤操作。

＃1。确定利益相关者

This is the key process, and you should start identifying your project stakeholders after the project charter is signed.

您可以开始审查项目文件，例如项目宪章，采购文件，协议，以前的清单等。一些有用的工具是集思广益，便利的讲习班，访谈等。

#2. Stakeholder Analysis

After identifying stakeholders for your project, you will analyze them to find their interests and influence on the project.

Some useful tools for stakeholder analysis are the salience model, power/interest grid, etc.

#3. Prioritize Stakeholders

在分析了项目利益相关者之后，您将根据他们对项目的权力和兴趣优先考虑他们。

优先级将提供有关利益相关者的信息，这些利益相关者需要更多的关注或可以忽略谁。

＃4。制定利益相关者管理计划

您将根据迄今为止收集的信息制定利益相关者参与计划。该计划将为您提供有关如何处理每个利益相关者的信息。

An influential and powerful stakeholder will receive more attention than a low-power and low-interest group of stakeholders.

Importance of Stakeholder Management

利益相关者管理可以帮助您与利益相关者保持健康的关系，了解他们的要求并满足他们的需求。它可以帮助他们在整个项目生命周期中吸引他们。

If your stakeholders are satisfied, you can complete the project smoothly. Unsatisfied stakeholders can create a hindrance, and this can affect yourproject objectives。

利益相关者与股东

利益相关者和股东是不同的术语，尽管许多专业人员将这些条款彼此混淆。

利益相关者是对项目有任何兴趣或受到其结果影响的人或团体。另一方面，股东已投资于项目或业务。所有股东都是利益相关者，但并非所有利益相关者都是股东。

Summary

Stakeholders are individuals or a group of individuals who are affected by your project or have an interest in it. It is important to identify stakeholders at the beginning of the project and develop a strategy to manage them and their requirements. This will help you complete the project with minimal obstruction because getting them involved with your project will render the support you need.

What about your project’s stakeholders? How did you find them? Please share your thoughts in the comments section.

从PMP认证考试的角度来看，这个主题很重要。您会遇到有关此主题的许多问题。