利益相关者参与: How to Manage Project Stakeholders?

今天，我们将讨论利益相关者参与项目管理。

Until the fifth edition of the PMBOK Guide, the PMI was referring to the topic as stakeholder management, but in the sixth edition, they replaced the term “management” with “engagement.” The institute found that the word “engage” is more appropriate than “manage.”

Stakeholder engagement is a vast subject, and providing you with every possible bit of information is likely impossible. So, in this blog post, I will be giving a brief on the process.

让我们潜水。

利益相关者参与

Stakeholder engagement is a process of identifying, analyzing, planning for, and then managing interested parties to garner their support for your project.

该系统可帮助您在项目中找到具有关键作用的利益相关者或团体，因此您可以制定管理这些策略。

利益相关者的参与对于您的成功至关重要。这就是您如何理解利益相关者的期望，满足他们的要求并以最小的障碍完成项目。您应该旨在有效地使用资源。b0b体育app

利益相关者可以是内部或外部, and you have to interact with them throughout the project lifecycle. When the interested groups or individuals feel respected and honored, they will support you.

You should be proactive while engaging with stakeholders. Stakeholders as opportunities, not threats.

How to Carry Out Stakeholder Engagement

Communication is the primary stakeholder management tool. The PMI’s 2013 Pulse of the Profession report asserts that “the most crucial success factor in project management is effective communication with all stakeholders.”

In project management, planning communications and engaging stakeholders are two closely related processes. Plan Communication Management outlines how each stakeholder should be communicated with according to their requirements.

Stakeholder engagement has four processes:

1. 确定项目利益相关者。
2. Plan stakeholder engagement.
3. Manage stakeholder engagement.
4. 监视利益相关者的参与。

Identify Project Stakeholders

In this process，您确定项目利益相关者。这是从项目宪章签署的那一刻开始，并在项目完成后结束。

This is how the project management team identifies key stakeholders, analyzes them, and prioritizes them according to their power/influence/interest on the project.

您可以使用以下工具来识别利益相关者：

• Expert judgment
• Data gathering techniques
• Stakeholder mapping
• Stakeholder analysis
• Meetings

This is a continuous process, and you can carry it out as necessary. If the project is multiphase, conduct this process at the beginning of each phase.

输出是stakeholder registerwhich contains information Like stakeholder identification, assessment, and classification.

Plan Stakeholder Engagement

计划利益相关者的参与使您可以根据利益相关者的权力，影响力，兴趣，影响等定义参与利益相关者的方法。

此过程为您提供了管理每个利益相关者和项目改善的详细计划。

The following tools are helpful in the plan stakeholder engagement process:

• Expert judgment
• 数据分析技术（assumption and constraintsandroot cause analysis）
• 做决定
• Data representation technique
• Meetings

计划利益相关者参与是一个持续的过程，您必须根据需要执行它。

Conduct this process at the beginning of each phase of a multiphase project.

当您发现利益相关者的态度发生变化时，您还可以重复该过程，因为确定了新的关键利益相关者或组织中发生变化。

The output of this process is a stakeholder engagement plan that includes strategies to engage individuals or groups of stakeholders. It can be highly detailed or broadly defined depending on the project’s requirements and the expectations of stakeholders.

Power Interest Grid

The power/interest grid is one of the most important tools in this process and helps you define your strategies.

From the grid, you can conclude that:

• The high-power and high-interest group should be managed with the utmost care.
• High-power and low-interest stakeholders should be kept satisfied.
• The low-power and high-interest stakeholders should be kept informed.
• 低功率和低息组需要最少的精力；他们只应受到监控。

Always continue monitoring your stakeholders for status change. You never know when a low-power stakeholder will become high-power and influential. Likewise, a powerful stakeholder may become less influential in a later stage.

Manage Stakeholder Engagement

The manage stakeholder engagement process helps you fulfill their expectations and requirements. This is the process where you interact with stakeholders and earn their trust and support.

You can use the following tools:

• Expert judgment
• 沟通技巧
• Interpersonal skills (conflict management, negotiation, etc.)
• 基本规则
• Meetings

The outputs are project document updates, project plan updates, and change requests.

管理利益相关者参与的关键技能

Conflict Management

利益相关者有不同的期望,目标,values, and knowledge, so there are bound to be conflicts. The project manager has toresolve or reduce these conflicts通过执行基本规则，明确的角色定义，沟通计划和扎实的项目管理实践。

冲突并不总是有害的。

With an open mind, the project manager can use disputes to improve team performance. It is the uncontrolled quarreling that has the potential to rip the project apart.

People-oriented conflicts could affect team cohesiveness and relationships, leading to absenteeism, attrition, and ultimately failure.

使用直接协作方法，您可以尽早和私人解决问题。

文化意识

Acknowledging cultural differences between individuals and groups helps minimize misunderstandings and miscommunications.

Stakeholders feel honored when you acknowledge their individuality and differences.

谈判

This is about collectively winning. Things that can be negotiated in stakeholder management are workers’ pay, host community compensation, resources, and more. Project management advises ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) as a better option than prolonged litigation.

Political Awareness

We are all in a political environment, and sensitivity is important. You must be aware of the political reality of your surroundings. You need to acknowledge who pulls power and influence and develop appropriate communication plans to manage them.

积极倾听

This is the foundation of effective communication. The project team will listen to and understand the voice of stakeholders, process the information, and respond correctly. When stakeholders feel listened to, they will support you and the project.

Ensure Quality of Information

提供给利益相关者的信息必须是正确的，可靠的和可验证的。不正确的信息会影响信任和信心。

Relationships are key; developing relationships result in increased trust, which in turn means better stakeholder experience.

确保满足沟通要求

Every stakeholder’s requirements are different, and some of them may have access to classified information.

For project sponsors, it is more of performance reporting; for regulatory agencies, it is an audit/compliance report. Local authorities need information such as social or corporate responsibility correspondence.

如何交流

是最有效的commun一对一的讨论ication method to get stakeholder buy-in. Reserve this process for a handful of highly influential stakeholders.

会议是下一个最好的交流方法。

一个项目有不同的会议，例如回顾性​​，项目开球，冲刺计划和评论。在公司环境中，市政厅会议有助于立即与几个利益相关者互动。

会议有许多好处，包括发展信任，澄清问题，集思广益，重新定义风险，应对资源挑战以及提供解释。

Communication Frequency

Stakeholder engagement is not a one-time process; it is a continuous commitment to project success. Agile development approaches have established the need for ongoing customer relationships.

您必须可以访问。在英国，当地社区和理事会的广泛和早期参与使该项目免于从声誉损失，延误和公众中断中重建维多利亚桥。

Monitor Stakeholder Engagement

在这里，您可以监视和控制利益相关者的参与。您可以根据需要更新，修改和量身定制计划。

此过程确保您遵循利益相关者的参与计划并重申其有效性。

This process can use the following tools:

• 数据分析
• 做决定
• Communicating and interpersonal skills
• Meetings

The key outputs are document updates, project management plan updates, change requests, and work performance information.

The Purpose of Stakeholder Engagement

The purpose of stakeholder engagement is to gain support. You should aim to minimize the negative impact and maximize the positive effects. You can change negative stakeholders into positive ones with a proper strategy. Successful stakeholder engagement ensures a fruitful project.

利益相关者的参与可以广泛定义，也可以是彻底的。小型项目可以制定非正式策略，但是较大的项目必须具有详细的，有据可查的计划。

Pay more attention to your negative stakeholders. They are the ones who can jeopardize your project’s success. However, if you manage them proactively, their impact may become positive.

A stakeholder management strategy is a necessary part of your planning. Without it, you will face many issues, and you may fail.

Example of Stakeholder Engagement

几年前，一家汽车公司试图在印度开设一家制造厂。他们与州政府合作并购买了土地。

The plant was almost completely built when the local farmers, who used to own the land, became agitated. They started making new demands, and the opposing parties supported them.

Distress spread throughout the state. Finally, the company had to transfer the facility to another owner. This caused the company a massive loss and embarrassment to the state government.

The automotive company did not consider local stakeholders. The outcome would have been different if the farmers had been involved.

This is an example of poor stakeholder engagement.

从项目开始就开始管理利益相关者。他们将与您合作，您可能会面临更少的访问资源问题。b0b体育app

必须了解利益相关者的需求。定期沟通将帮助他们了解您的要求并感到与项目的联系。

The stakeholder management plan may have sensitive information. Do not share this document and keep it in a secure place.

Benefits of Stakeholder Engagement

Stakeholder management is important for your project’s success. It helps you get the stakeholders’ buy-in.

以下是利益相关者参与的一些好处：

• 通过满足他们的期望和要求来使利益相关者满意。
• Avoids scope creep and mitigates issues that may cause problems for the project.
• 确保您从利益相关者那里得到完全障碍的利益相关者的完全合作。
• Mitigates local disruptions and the problems that could cause reputational damage to your organization.

Summary

项目管理就是满足利益相关者的需求和要求。他们可能是威胁或机会。赢得负面利益相关者的支持对于您的项目的成功至关重要。利益相关者的参与应从早期开始。如果您不这样做，您的项目可能会失败。

This topic is important from a PMP exam point of view, therefore, understand it well.

How do you engage your stakeholders in the projects you manage? Please share your thoughts in the comments section.