项目管理的利益相关者

Your project’s success depends on the satisfaction of yourproject stakeholders。有时，您已经完成了该项目，并且客户接受了所有可交付成果。但是，该项目没有成功，因为您的一些利益相关者不满意。

Stakeholder satisfaction is a sign of successful project completion.

You might be wondering about the stakeholders in project management and whom you have to satisfy for the successful completion of your project.

I am writing this blog post to answer these queries, and I hope to clear up any doubts you may have about project stakeholders.

项目管理的利益相关者

Definition:根据bob手机客户端, “A stakeholder is an individual, group, or organization who may affect, be affected by or perceive itself to be affected by a decision, activity, or outcome of a project.”

Put more simply, a stakeholder is a person, a group of people, or an organization that is interested in your project or is affected by its outcome, directly or indirectly. It may include project team members,project sponsors，以及您组织以外的人。

如果该项目很小，您将有一些利益相关者。对于一个较大的项目，您可能会有大量的利益相关者，其中可能包括社区或公众。在这种情况下，managing stakeholderswill be challenging.

例如，大坝建设项目的利益相关者数量将很大。它们将包括政府，地方当局，将要流离失所的人口，居住在大坝附近的人口，环保主义者，项目管理团队，高级管理人员等。

并非所有利益相关者都是平等的。每个人都有不同的要求和期望。您应该根据他们的要求和期望对待它们。不这样做会危害您的项目的成功。

If you understand stakeholders’ needs, expectations, and requirements, your chances of success increase. Overlooking any important stakeholder can make the situation more difficult for you at later stages of the project. It may cause a delay in the project, cost overrun, and in the most severe cases, abrupt project termination.

项目利益相关者的类型

Project stakeholders can be grouped into two categories:

  1. 内部利益相关者
  2. External Stakeholders

内部利益相关者

Internal stakeholders are within the organization. They are directly involved with the project or work with the organization managing the project.

内部利益相关者的示例

  • A sponsor
  • An internal customer or client (if the project is for an internal need of an organization)
  • 一个项目团队
  • A program manager
  • A portfolio manager
  • 管理
  • Another group’s manager (e.g., functional manager, operational manager, admin manager, etc.).

These stakeholders generally have the highest interest in the project’s success.

External Stakeholders

外部利益相关者不在组织之外。他们不直接参与该项目，而是由项目或管理该项目的组织包括在内。

外部利益相关者的示例

  • An external customer or client (if the project is a result of a contract)
  • 项目结果的最终用户
  • 供应商
  • Subcontractors
  • The government
  • 地方当局
  • 当地社区
  • 媒体

As you can see, external stakeholders include clients, governments, and local authorities, which are very powerful entities. Therefore, you have to manage them carefully.

Positive Stakeholders and Negative Stakeholders

Stakeholders can be positive or negative.

A positive stakeholder sees the project’s positive side and benefits from its success. These stakeholders help the project management team to complete the project successfully.

另一方面，负利益相关者认为结果，可能会受到项目或其结果的负面影响。这种类型的利益相关者不太可能为项目的成功做出贡献。

许多专业人士认为，竞争对手也是负面利益相关者，因为您的项目也影响了他们。

However, competitors are not negative stakeholders because you have to manage your stakeholders proactively to complete your project successfully, but you do not manage or fulfill your competitors’ requirements.

正如我们在较早的示例中看到的那样，公众可以成为利益相关者。在这种情况下，管理整个人群将是不切实际的，因此您将咨询他们的公众人物或领导者以了解他们的要求和期望。

此类项目的一些例子与采矿，环境，道路，铁路，大坝建筑等有关。

You should identify your stakeholders at a very early stage of the project and record them in the利益相关者登记册。

Some stakeholders will have low interest or influence on your project. However, you must also manage them because they could become influential stakeholders.

确定项目的利益相关者

识别项目利益相关者是签署项目宪章后的第一个任务。此过程确保确定所有项目利益相关者，以便您可以收集要求，制定项目管理计划并设计管理这些利益相关者的策略。

访问以下帖子以了解有关识别项目利益相关者的信息。

How to Manage Project Stakeholders

要管理您的项目利益相关者，请按照以下步骤操作。

＃1。确定利益相关者

这是关键过程，在签署项目宪章后，您应该开始确定项目利益相关者。

You can start reviewing project documents such as the project charter, procurement documents, agreements, previous checklists, etc. Some useful tools are brainstorming, facilitated workshops, interviews, etc.

＃2。利益相关者分析

After identifying stakeholders for your project, you will analyze them to find their interests and influence on the project.

Some useful tools for stakeholder analysis are the salience model, power/interest grid, etc.

#3. Prioritize Stakeholders

After analyzing project stakeholders, you will prioritize them according to their power and interest in the project.

优先级将提供有关利益相关者的信息，这些利益相关者需要更多的关注或可以被忽略。

#4. Develop Stakeholder Management Plan

您将根据迄今为止收集的信息制定利益相关者参与计划。该计划将为您提供有关如何处理每个利益相关者的信息。

An influential and powerful stakeholder will receive more attention than a low-power and low-interest group of stakeholders.

Importance of Stakeholder Management

利益相关者管理可以帮助您与利益相关者保持健康的关系，了解他们的要求并满足他们的需求。它可以帮助他们在整个项目生命周期中吸引他们。

如果您的利益相关者满意，则可以顺利完成项目。不满足的利益相关者可以造成障碍，这可能会影响您的项目目标。

Stakeholder Vs Shareholder

Stakeholder and shareholder are different terms, though many professionals confuse these terms with each other.

A stakeholder is a person or group with any interest in the project or is impacted by its outcome. On the other hand, a shareholder has invested in the project or the business. All shareholders are stakeholders, but not all stakeholders are shareholders.

概括

利益相关者是个人或受您项目影响或对其感兴趣的个人。重要的是要在项目开始时确定利益相关者，并制定一种管理他们及其要求的策略。这将帮助您以最小的障碍来完成该项目，因为让他们参与您的项目将提供您需要的支持。

What about your project’s stakeholders? How did you find them? Please share your thoughts in the comments section.

从PMP认证考试的角度来看，这个主题很重要。您会遇到有关此主题的许多问题。