利益相关者s in project management

Your project’s success depends on the satisfaction of your project stakeholders. Sometimes, you have completed the project; the client has accepted all deliverables. However, the project is not successful because some of your stakeholders are not happy.

利益相关者满意度是成功完成项目的标志。

Now, you might be wondering who the project stakeholders are and whom you have to satisfy for the successful completion of your project.

I am writing this blog post to answer these queries, and I hope to clear up any doubts you may have about project stakeholders

利益相关者

According to thebob手机客户端, “A stakeholder is an individual, group, or organization who may affect, be affected by or perceive itself to be affected by a decision, activity, or outcome of a project.”

Put more simply, a stakeholder is a person, a group of people, or an organization that has an interest in your project or is affected by its outcome, directly or indirectly. It may include project team members,project sponsors，组织成员和组织以外的人。

If the project is small, you will have a few stakeholders. For a larger project, you may have a huge number of stakeholders, which may include communities or the public. In this case,管理stakeholders将具有挑战性。

例如，如果您要建造一个大坝，利益相关者的数量将很大。它们将包括政府，地方当局，将要流离失所的人口，居住在大坝附近的人口，环保主义者，项目管理团队，高级管理人员等。

Not all stakeholders are equal. Everyone has different requirements and expectations. You should treat them according to their requirements and expectations. Failing to do so can jeopardize your project’s success.

如果您了解利益相关者的需求，期望和要求，那么成功的机会就会增加。忽略任何重要的利益相关者都可以使您在项目的后期更加困难。这可能会导致项目延迟，成本超支，并且在最严重的情况下突然终止了项目。

Types of Project Stakeholders

Project stakeholders can be grouped into two categories:

  1. Internal Stakeholders
  2. 外部利益相关者

Internal Stakeholders

Internal stakeholders are within the organization. For example:

  • 赞助商
  • An internal customer or client (if the project is for an internal need of an organization)
  • A project team
  • 计划经理
  • A portfolio manager
  • Management
  • 另一个小组的经理（例如，功能管理器，运营经理，管理员管理器等）。

These stakeholders generally have the highest interest in the project’s success.

外部利益相关者

外部利益相关者不在组织之外。例如：

  • 外部客户或客户（如果项目是合同的结果）
  • An end user of the project’s outcome
  • A supplier
  • 分包商
  • The government
  • Local authorities
  • Local communities
  • The media

如您所见，外部利益相关者包括客户，政府和地方当局，这些都是非常强大的实体。因此，您必须仔细管理它们。

Positive Stakeholders and Negative Stakeholders

利益相关者can be positive or negative.

积极的利益相关者认为该项目的积极方面并从其成功中受益。这些利益相关者帮助项目管理团队成功完成项目。

On the other hand, a negative stakeholder sees the outcome and may be negatively impacted by the project or its outcome. This type of stakeholder is less likely to contribute to the success of the project.

许多专业人士认为，竞争对手也是负面利益相关者，因为您的项目也影响了他们。请注意，竞争对手不是负利益相关者，因为您必须积极管理利益相关者才能成功完成项目，但您不管理或满足竞争对手的要求。

The public can be a stakeholder, as we have seen in the earlier example. In this case, it would be impractical to manage the whole population, so you will consult their public figures or leaders to understand their requirements and expectations.

Some examples of this type of project are related to mining, the environment, roads, railways, dam building, etc.

You should identify your stakeholders at a very early stage of the project, and record them in the利益相关者register。

Some stakeholders will have low interest or influence on your project. However, you have to manage them as well, because they could become influential stakeholders.

Summary

利益相关者are individuals or a group of individuals who are affected by your project or have an interest in it. It is important to identify stakeholders at the beginning of the project and develop a strategy to manage them and their requirements. This will help you complete the project with minimal obstruction because getting them involved with your project will render the support you need it

What about your project’s stakeholders? How did you find them? Please share your thoughts in the comments section.

从PMP认证考试的角度来看，这个主题很重要。您将遇到有关此主题的许多问题。