项目管理中的六个西格玛是什么？

六西格玛是一种流行的方法用于工程management. It is a quality management methodology used to reduce defects and maintain consistency in products.

Six Sigma is mentioned in the PMBOK Guide and included in the PMP Exam Content Outline, so you will see questions on this topic on your exam.

I see that many PMP exam reference books do not discuss this methodology. This is an important concept, and you should know it.

Six Sigma

Motorola developed Six Sigma in 1986 to remove the causes of possible defects from a process before it started.

This methodology was successful; GE adopted it and had excellent results. The fame of the Six Sigma methodology skyrocketed, and many manufacturing industries adopted it.

Six Sigma is a data-driven process, customer-focused, results-oriented, product improvement methodology. The goal is to improve quality to the extent where only 3.4 failures per million are allowed, or products have 99.9967% accuracy.

The chart below shows the Six Sigma graph.

By Jayen466, Fleshgrinder [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Image Credit: Jayen466, Fleshgrinder [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

From this graph, you can say that Six Sigma is the six standard deviations on either side of the mean. LSL stands for Lower Specification Limit, and USL stands for Upper Specification Limit. Any measurement outside of these limits is considered a defect. The mean line is the target, and this is the ideal measurement.

六西格玛组织的角色

You can divide the Six Sigma roles into two segments:

1. Initiative Leadership
2. Project Leadership

这些细分可以进一步分为六个类别：

1. Six Sigma Executing Leadership or Deployment Leader
2. 六个西格玛冠军
3. 六西格玛大师黑带（MBB）
4. Six Sigma Black Belt (BB)
5. 六个Sigma绿带（GB）
6. Six Sigma Project Team or Yellow Belt (YB)

执行领导，冠军和黑带大师是主动领导的一部分。黑带，绿带和黄色腰带是项目领导力的一部分。

The Champion and Master Black Belt can be part of project leadership and initiative leadership.

Six Sigma Executing Leadership or Deployment Leader

Executing leadership includes project sponsors or top management. They are the ones who establish the business objectives, create the Six Sigma vision for the organization, and make sure everyone understands it.

Their active participation is mandatory for an organization to achieve the Six Sigma objectives. They hire Master Black Belts, Black Belts, and other top-level members to help them achieve the organization’s objectives.

六个西格玛冠军

Executive leadership selects Champions, and they are responsible for the implementation of Six Sigma. They manage Master Black Belts, Black Belts, and Green Belts. Champions work with these professionals to understand issues and provide support to resolve them. They manage the Six Sigma environment across the entire operative base.

Champions manage projects from a high level. They can distribute the projects in programs or develop a portfolio to manage them efficiently.

Six Sigma Master Black Belt

冠军选择黑带大师。他们负责project selectionand human resource training. They train Black Belts and Green Belts.

Master Black Belts develop Six Sigma skills within the organization and ensure the sustainability of quality in the project.

他们在项目上推出了六种Sigma方法，并确保活动合规性。他们指导项目团队，如果出现任何问题，可以参与部署领导。

六西格玛黑带

Black Belts execute and implement Six Sigma on the project and are part-time or full-time project team members.

他们创建了六个Sigma环境，并在对实施六个Sigma的抵抗力时挑战现状。他们帮助利用项目资源，指导项目团队，包括绿化带，并分b0b体育app享最佳实践。

Six Sigma Green Belts

绿带的功能少于黑带。除了六个Sigma活动外，他们还参与了其他项目活动。

They are sometimes called the “engine” of Six Sigma projects. They are responsible for daily Six Sigma activities, solving issues, calling for help if needed, and ensuring sustainable results.

绿化带负责各自的过程，并有权有效完成工作。这是组织的重要方面，因为绿化带可以在每个过程中建立过程改进结构。

他们在项目执行级别工作，负责六个Sigma结果，并分享最佳实践和经验教训。

Project Team

Project Teams or Yellow Belts include project managers and team members. They are responsible for executing project activities. These people work with Green Belts or Black Belts to achieve the Six Sigma objectives.

These people are subject experts who support Green or Black Belts in developing the process maps and doing data capture for further analysis.

They don’t have to be Six Sigma certified but should be aware of Six Sigma functions.

六个Sigma项目的利益相关者

The following are the mainstakeholdersin any Six Sigma project:

• 客户
• Employee
• 供应商
• 最终用户

Six Sigma Methodologies

You can achieve Six Sigma objectives by using two Six Sigma sub-methodologies:

• DMAIC
• DMADV

DMAIC helps you to improve the existing processes incrementally.

DMDAV helps you develop a new process or product. You can also use this methodology with existing processes when you need more than an incremental improvement.

What is DMAIC?

You can use this methodology alone or along with Six Sigma initiatives.

It is a structured problem-solving methodology where each phase depends on the successful completion of the previous one.

DMAIC stands for: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control.

Define

Here, you define the customer and their problems, expectations, and requirements. You define the process with the help of a process map, identify the areas of improvement, define the Critical-to-Quality (CTQ) characteristics, set goals, define the project boundaries, and make sure that the required resources are available whenever they are needed.

Measure

Here, you measure the outcome and determine the process’s performance.

You draft a plan to collect reliable data from the process and determine the defects. This data should help you understand performance.

您可以使用客户调查查找缺陷，改进领域或任何功能要求。在此阶段，建立了基线性能。它可以帮助您理解该过程，因此您可以采取进一步的步骤来改进它。

Analyze

在这里，您可以分析在测量阶段收集的数据，并确定可能影响您项目或结果的问题。您会发现基线和当前性能之间的差距。如果有变化，您会找到来源并采用corrective action.

您还会寻找任何机会，并利用它们来改善您的项目。

您的主要重点是隔离关键质量特征（CTQ）背后的原因。您还量化解决问题的经济利益。

提升

Once you get to the root cause of the problem, you find a permanent solution and implement it to improve the process.

在这里，您可以研究错误的主要原因，并找到包含它的方法。您可以制定并实施您的新计划和一种新方法，以使缺陷被永久停止。您可以在实施后测量结果。

Control

This phase controls the process for stable performance and prevents the process from reverting to the “old way.” This is an essential phase for lasting results. You monitor the process, ensuring every approved change is implemented and followed.

什么是DMADV？

DMADV可以帮助您开发新的流程或当通过DMAIC的改进不符合客户的期望时使用。

DMADV stands for Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, and Validate.

DMA在两种方法中都是相似的。但是，最后两个字母“ DV”代表设计和验证。

In the design phase, you create the process or product that fulfills all Critical-to-Quality requirements. In the validate process, you check if all CTQs are as expected and that the final product is meeting or exceeding the customer’s expectations.

The Difference Between DMAIC and DMADV

六种Sigma方法旨在消除缺陷并改善过程。但是，如何以及何时使用它们之间存在区别。

A few differences are as follows:

• DMAIC is used for existing processes, while DMADV is for a new process.
• DMAIC represents correction, and DMADV represents prevention.
• In DMAIC, Six Sigma focuses on a few CTQ, while in DMADV, Six Sigma focuses on all possible CTQs.
• DMAIC is usually a shorter duration, while DMADV takes a longer time.

Tools Used in Six Sigma

这六个Sigma工具是seven basic quality tools:

1. 理货表
2. 流程图
3. Histograms
4. Cause and Effect Diagram
5. Pareto Diagram
6. 散点图
7. Control Charts

理货表

Thetally sheetis also known as the check sheet or checklist.

使用Tally表，您可以实时记录数据。您转到位置并观察该过程并将其记录在纸上。在大多数情况下，您必须打勾或划掉它。

流程图

Aflow chartis a diagram comprised of boxes connected with lines. This diagram shows you the workflow, process procedure, or algorithm. It helps you visualize the process flow and find issues or bottlenecks.

流程图是一个有用的沟通工具can help you study process improvement or document a process.

Histogram

Ahistogramis similar to a bar chart and displays the graphical distribution of numerical data. It is primarily used to show frequency distribution.

It helps you discover if a process change has occurred from one period to another. A histogram is an excellent communication tool to express data quickly.

Cause and Effect Diagram

This diagram is also known as an Ishikawa or fishbone diagram.

Thecause and effect diagramhelps you find possible causes for a problem. It helps you find bottlenecks in your process, such as why a particular process is not working.

Pareto Diagram

APareto Diagram是条形图。最长的条位于左侧，最短在右侧。条形的高度从左到右减小，图表显示了各种错误的频率。

You can focus on the most frequently occurring problems with the help of a Pareto Diagram.

散点图

You use two variables in a散点图：一个是因变量，另一个是自变量。

This diagram helps you determine the relationship between the two variables. You can predict the behavior of the other variable after determining the correlation between the two.

Control Charts

Control chartsare used in quality management. These charts let you know if a process is stable.

This graph has the mean, lower control limit, upper control limit, lower specification limit, and upper specification limit.

客户设置规范限制，并且在这些限制之外的任何测量都被认为是缺陷。

Advantages of Six Sigma

Six Sigma helps organizations immensely; a few benefits of this methodology include:

1. It is customer-driven.
2. It covers the entire production process rather than just the outcome.
3. It is a proactive process and helps you improve the process even before you discover your first defect.
4. It improves quality, eliminates defects, and reduces waste, leading to more satisfied customers, which means more profit and brand recognition.
5. There is a low variation in deliverables.

Six Sigma helps organizations save money by avoiding rework, scrap, return costs, and after-sale support.

Disadvantages of Six Sigma

There are no inherent disadvantages of this methodology; sometimes, it may not produce the desired result, or a delay may occur. A few examples of these situations are:

1. Six Sigma works well for the production process, but it does not work for research (source）。
2. Sometimes, it may create rigid boundaries that could delay the process.
3. Applying it to a small-sized company might be costly.
4. According to some experts, 3.4 defects per million is too low, which may lead to putting more focus on areas with low yield.
5. 如果最高管理不支持，那么六西格玛将不会给出所需的结果。

This was a brief introduction to Six Sigma, and I believe you now have a better understanding of this methodology.

Before I conclude this blog post, let’s discuss the differences between Six Sigma and the PMP certification.

Six Sigma Vs PMP

六西格玛和PMP认证不会相互竞争。两种认证都有不同的目的，尽管在某些时候它们相互互动。

The Six Sigma methodology mainly applies to the manufacturing and financial industries. The PMP methodology applies to all aspects of projects, regardless of industry.

Six Sigma focuses on eliminating defects and reducing waste, and it increases the quality of the product or the process. PMP concentrates on completing the project successfully.

The Six Sigma methodology is forced from top management down to operations, and active involvement from management is mandatory for its successful implementation. With PMP, it is usually an individual decision.

如果您不确定这两项认证，建议您同时选择这两个认证。他们相互补充，可以使您更加高效和就业。

Conclusion

Implementing the Six Sigma methodology involves expense, especially in training and applying changes to the process. However, if implemented, it can bring fruitful results to organizations, such as profitability and brand recognition. The Six Sigma methodology must be implemented and monitored by top management. Their active involvement and support make it successful.

如果您有兴趣学习六西格码，可以加入Greycampus提供的六个Sigma课程。

• 六西格玛黄色带
• Six Sigma Green Belt
• Six Sigma Black Belt