项目管理的利益相关者

Your project’s success depends on the satisfaction of your stakeholders. Sometimes, you have completed the project; the client has accepted all deliverables. However, the project is not successful because some of your stakeholders are not happy.

利益相关者满意度是成功完成项目的标志。

现在，您可能想知道利益相关者是谁，您必须满足您的项目的成功完成。

I am writing this blog post to answer these queries, and I hope to clear up any doubts you may have about project stakeholders

Stakeholders

根据bob手机客户端，“利益相关者是一个个人，团体或组织，可能受到或认为自己受项目的决定，活动或结果影响自己的个人，影响自己。”

Put more simply, a stakeholder is a person, a group of people, or an organization that has an interest in your project or is affected by its outcome, directly or indirectly. It may include project team members, project sponsors, organization members, and people outside of your organization.

If the project is small, you will have a few stakeholders. For a larger project, you may have a huge number of stakeholders, which may include communities or the public. In this case,管理利益相关者will be challenging.

For example, if you are going to construct a dam, the number of stakeholders will be large. They will include governments, local authorities, the population that is going to be displaced, the population living near the dam, environmentalists, the project management team, higher management, etc.

并非所有利益相关者都是平等的。每个人都有不同的要求和期望。您应该根据他们的要求和期望对待它们。不这样做会危害您的项目的成功。

如果您了解利益相关者的需求，期望和要求，那么成功的机会就会增加。忽略任何重要的利益相关者都可以使您在项目的后期更加困难。这可能会导致项目延迟，成本超支，并且在最严重的情况下，突然终止了项目。

Types of Project Stakeholders

Project stakeholders can be grouped into two categories:

1. 内部利益相关者
2. External Stakeholders

内部利益相关者

内部利益相关者在组织内部。例如：

• A sponsor
• An internal customer or client (if the project is for an internal need of an organization)
• A project team
• A program manager
• A portfolio manager
• 管理
• Another group’s manager internal to the organization (e.g., functional manager, operational manager, admin manager, etc.).

These stakeholders generally have the highest interest in the project’s success.

External Stakeholders

External stakeholders are outside the organization. For example:

• An external customer or client (if the project is a result of a contract)
• An end user of the project’s outcome
• A supplier
• Subcontractors
• The government
• 地方当局
• Local communities
• The media

As you can see, external stakeholders include clients, governments, and local authorities, and these are very powerful entities. Therefore, you have to manage them carefully.

Positive Stakeholders and Negative Stakeholders

Stakeholders can be positive or negative.

A positive stakeholder sees the project’s positive side and benefits from its success. These stakeholders help the project management team to complete the project successfully.

On the other hand, a negative stakeholder see the outcome and may be negatively impacted by the project or its outcome. This type of stakeholder is less likely to contribute to the success of the project.

Many professionals think that competitors are also negative stakeholders as your project affects them as well. Please note that competitors are not negative stakeholders because you have to manage your stakeholders proactively to complete your project successfully, but you do not manage or fulfill your competitors’ requirements.

The public can be a stakeholder, as we have seen in the earlier example. In this case, it would be impractical to manage the whole population, so you will consult their public figures or leaders to understand their requirements and expectations.

Some examples of this type of project are related to mining, the environment, roads, railways, dam building, etc.

您应该在项目的早期阶段确定利益相关者，并将其记录在stakeholder register.

一些利益相关者会对您的项目产生较低的兴趣或影响。但是，您也必须管理它们，因为它们可能成为影响力的利益相关者。

概括

Stakeholders are individuals or a group of individuals who are affected by your project or have an interest in it. It is important to identify stakeholders at the beginning of the project and develop a strategy to manage them and their requirements. This will help you complete the project with minimal obstruction because getting them involved with your project will render support you need it

What about your project’s stakeholders? How did you find them? Please share your thoughts in the comments section.

This topic is important from a PMP certification exam point of view; you are going to come across many questions on this topic.